USS Boxer (Cv-21) During Korean War

USS Boxer (Cv-21) During Korean War Conceived in the 1920s and early 1930s, the US Navys  Lexington- and  Yorktown-class aircraft carriers were built to fit within the restrictions set forth by the  Washington Naval Treaty. This placed limitations on the tonnage of different types of warships as well as capped each signatory’s overall tonnage. These types of restrictions were continued through the 1930 London Naval Treaty. As global tensions rose, Japan and Italy left the agreement in 1936. With the end of the treaty system, the US Navy began developing a design for a new, larger class of aircraft carrier and one which utilized the lessons learned from the   Yorktown-class. The resulting type was wider and longer as well as incorporated a deck-edge elevator system. This had been employed earlier on  USS  Wasp   (CV-7). In addition to carrying a larger air group, the new class mounted a greatly enlarged anti-aircraft armament. The lead ship,  USS  Essex  (CV-9), was laid down on April 28, 1941 . With the US entry into  World War II  after the  attack on Pearl Harbor, the  Essex-class became the US Navys standard design for fleet carriers. The first four ships after  Essex  followed the types initial design. In early 1943, the US Navy made changes to enhance future vessels. The most noticeable of these was the lengthening the bow to a clipper design which allowed for the addition of two quadruple 40 mm mounts. Other changes included moving the combat information center below the armored deck, installation of improved aviation fuel and ventilation systems, a second catapult on the flight deck, and an additional fire control director. Though known as the long-hull  Essex-class or  Ticonderoga-class by some, the US Navy made no distinction between these and the earlier  Essex-class ships. USS Boxer (CV-21) Construction The first ship to move forward with the revised  Essex-class design was USS  Hancock  (CV-14) which was later renamed Ticonderoga.   It was followed by several others including USS Boxer  (CV-21).   Laid down on September 13, 1943,  construction of Boxer  began at Newport News Shipbuilding and rapidly moved forward.   Named for HMS Boxer  which had been captured by the US Navy during the War of 1812, the new carrier slid into the water on  December 14, 1944, with Ruth D. Overton, daughter of Senator John H. Overton, serving as sponsor.   Work continued and  Boxer  entered commission on April 16, 1945, with Captain D.F. Smith in command. Early Service Departing Norfolk,  Boxer  commenced shakedown and training operations in preparation for use in the Pacific Theater of World War II.   As these initiatives were concluding, the conflict ended with Japan asking for a cessation of hostilities.   Dispatched to the Pacific in August 1945, Boxer  arrived at San Diego before departing for Guam the following month.   Reaching that island, it became flagship of Task Force 77.   Supporting the occupation of Japan,  the carrier remained abroad until August 1946 and also made calls in Okinawa, China, and the Philippines.   Returning to San Francisco,  Boxer  embarked Carrier Air Group 19 which flew the new Grumman F8F Bearcat.   As one of the US Navys newest carriers, Boxer  remained in commission as the service downsized from its wartime levels. After conducting peacetime activities off California in 1947, the following year saw  Boxer  employed in jet aircraft testing.   In this role, it launched the first jet fighter, a North American FJ-1 Fury, to fly from an American carrier on March 10.   After spending two years employed in maneuvers and training jet pilots,  Boxer  departed for the Far East in January 1950.   Making goodwill visits around the region as part of the 7th Fleet, the carrier also entertained South Korean President Syngman Rhee.   Due for a maintenance overhaul,  Boxer  returned to San Diego on June 25 just as the Korean War was beginning. USS Boxer (CV-21) - Korean War:   Due to the urgency of the situation,  Boxers overhaul was postponed and the carrier was quickly employed to ferry aircraft to the war zone.   Embarking 145 North American P-51 Mustangs and other aircraft and supplies, the carrier departed Alameda, CA on July 14 and set a trans-Pacific speed record by reaching Japan in eight days, seven hours.   Another record was set in early August when  Boxer  made a second ferry trip.   Returning to California, the carrier received cursory maintenance before embarking the Chance-Vought F4U Corsairs of Carrier Air Group 2.   Sailing for Korea in a combat role,  Boxer  arrived and received orders to join the fleet gathering to support the landings at Inchon.   Operating off Inchon in September,  Boxers aircraft provided close support to the troops ashore as they drove inland and re-captured Seoul.   While performing this mission, the carrier was stricken when one of its reduction gears failed.   Caused due to postponed maintenance on the vessel, it limited the carriers speed to 26 knots.   On November 11,  Boxer  received orders to sail for the United States to make repairs.   These were conducted at San Diego and the carrier was able to resume combat operations after embarking Carrier Air Group 101.   Operating from Point Oboe, approximately 125 miles east of Wonsan,  Boxers aircraft struck targets along the 38th Parallel between March and October 1951.    Refitting in the fall of 1951, Boxer  again sailed for Korea the following February with the Grumman F9F Panthers of Carrier Air Group 2 aboard.   Serving in Task Force 77, the carriers planes conducted strategic strikes across North Korea.   During this deployment, tragedy struck the ship on August 5 when an aircrafts fuel tank caught fire.   Quickly spreading through the hanger deck, it took over four hours to contain and killed eight.   Repaired at Yokosuka,  Boxer  re-entered combat operations later that month.   Shortly after returning, the carrier tested a new weapons system which used radio-controlled Grumman F6F Hellcats as flying bombs.   Re-designated as an attack aircraft carrier (CVA-21) in October 1952,  Boxer  underwent an extensive overhaul that winter before making a final Korean deployment between March and November 1953. USS Boxer (CV-21) - A Transition: Following the end of the conflict,  Boxer  made a series of cruises in the Pacific between 1954 and 1956.   Re-designated an anti-submarine carrier (CVS-21) in early 1956, it made a final Pacific deployment late that year and into 1957.   Returning home,  Boxer  was selected to take part in a US Navy experiment which sought to have a carrier solely employ attack helicopters.   Moved to the Atlantic in 1958,  Boxer  operated with an experimental force intended to support the rapid deployment of US Marines.   This saw it again re-designated on January 30, 1959, this time as a landing platform helicopter (LPH-4).   Largely operating in the Caribbean, Boxer  supported American efforts during the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 as well as used its new capabilities to aid efforts in Haiti and the Dominican Republic later in the decade. With the US entry into the Vietnam War  in 1965, Boxer  reprised its ferry role by carrying 200 helicopters belonging the US Armys 1st Cavalry Division to South Vietnam.   A second trip was made the following year.   Returning to the Atlantic, Boxer assisted NASA in early 1966 when it recovered an unmanned Apollo test capsule (AS-201) in February and served as the primary recovery ship for Gemini 8 in March.   Over the next three years, Boxer  continued in its amphibious support role until being decommissioned on December 1, 1969.   Removed from the Naval Vessel Register, it was sold for scrap on March 13, 1971.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   USS Boxer  (CV-21) At a Glance Nation:  United StatesType:  Aircraft CarrierShipyard:  Newport New ShipbuildingLaid Down:  September 13, 1943Launched:  December 4, 1944Commissioned:  April 16, 1945Fate:  Sold for scrap, February 1971 USS Boxer (CV-21) - Specifications Displacement:  27,100 tonsLength:  888 ft.Beam:  93 ft.Draft:  28 ft., 7 in.Propulsion:  8 Ãâ€" boilers, 4 Ãâ€" Westinghouse geared steam turbines, 4 Ãâ€" shaftsSpeed:  33 knotsComplement:  3,448 men USS Boxer (CV-21) - Armament 4 Ãâ€" twin 5 inch 38 caliber guns4 Ãâ€" single 5 inch 38 caliber guns8 Ãâ€" quadruple 40 mm 56 caliber guns46 Ãâ€" single 20 mm 78 caliber guns Aircraft 90-100 aircraft Selected Sources DANFS: USS  Boxer  (CV-21)NavSource: USS  Boxer  (CV-21)USS  Boxer  (CV-21) Veterans Association

History of the Asian American Civil Rights Movement

History of the Asian American Civil Rights Movement During the Asian American civil rights movement of the 1960s and 70s, activists fought for the development of ethnic studies programs in universities, an end to the Vietnam War, and reparations for Japanese Americans forced into  internment camps during World War II. The movement had come to a close by the late 1980s. The Birth of Yellow Power By watching African Americans expose institutional racism and government hypocrisy, Asian Americans began to identify the ways in which they, too, had faced discrimination in the United States. â€Å"The ‘black power’ movement caused many Asian Americans to question themselves,† wrote Amy Uyematsu in â€Å"The Emergence of Yellow Power,† a 1969 essay. â€Å"‘Yellow power is just now at the stage of an articulated mood rather than a program- disillusionment and alienation from white America and independence, race pride and self-respect.† Black activism played a fundamental role in the launch of the Asian American civil rights movement, but Asians and Asian Americans influenced black radicals as well. African American activists often cited the writings of China’s communist leader  Mao Zedong. Also, a founding member of the Black Panther Party- Richard Aoki- was Japanese American. A military veteran who spent his early years in an internment camp, Aoki donated weapons to the Black Panthers and trained them in their use. Impact of Internment Like Aoki, a number of Asian American civil rights activists were Japanese American internees or the children of internees. The decision of President Franklin Roosevelt to force more than 110,000 Japanese Americans into concentration camps during World War II had a detrimental impact on the community. Forced into camps based on fears that they still maintained ties to the Japanese government, Japanese Americans strove to prove that they were authentically American by assimilating, yet  they continued to face discrimination. Speaking out about the racial bias they faced felt risky for some Japanese Americans, given their past treatment by the U.S. government. â€Å"Unlike other groups, Japanese Americans were expected to be quiet and behave and thus did not have sanctioned outlets to express the anger and indignation that accompanied their racially subordinated status,† writes Laura Pulido in Black, Brown, Yellow and Left: Radical Activism in Los Angeles. Goals of the Movement When not only blacks but also Latinos and Asian Americans from various ethnic groups began to share their experiences of oppression, indignation replaced fear about the ramifications of speaking out. Asian Americans on college campuses demanded a curriculum representative of their histories. Activists also sought to prevent gentrification from destroying Asian American neighborhoods. Explained activist Gordon Lee in a 2003  Hyphen  magazine piece called â€Å"The Forgotten Revolution,† â€Å"The more we examined our collective histories, the more we began to find a rich and complex past. And we became outraged at the depths of the economic, racial and gender exploitation that had forced our families into roles as subservient cooks, servants or coolies, garment workers and prostitutes, and which also improperly labeled us as the ‘model minority’ comprised of ‘successful’ businessmen, merchants or professionals.†Ã‚   Students' Efforts College campuses provided fertile ground for the movement. Asian Americans at the University of California, Los Angeles launched groups such as Asian American Political Alliance (AAPA) and Orientals Concerned. A group of Japanese American UCLA students also formed the leftist publication Gidra in 1969. Meanwhile, on the East Coast, branches of AAPA formed at Yale and Columbia. In the Midwest, Asian student groups formed at the University of Illinois, Oberlin College, and the University of Michigan. â€Å"By 1970, there were more than 70 campus and†¦ community groups with ‘Asian American’ in their name, Lee recalled. â€Å"The term symbolized the new social and political attitudes that were sweeping through communities of color in the United States. It was also a clear break with the name ‘Oriental.’† Outside of college campuses, organizations such as I Wor Kuen and Asian Americans for Action formed on the East Coast. One of the movement’s greatest triumphs was when Asian American students and other students of color participated in strikes in 1968 and 69 at San Francisco State University and the University of California, Berkeley for the development of ethnic studies programs. Students demanded to design the programs and select the faculty who would teach the courses. Today, San Francisco State offers more than 175 courses in its College of Ethnic Studies. At Berkeley, Professor Ronald Takaki helped develop the nation’s first Ph.D. program in comparative ethnic studies. Vietnam and Pan-Asian Identity A challenge of the Asian American civil rights movement from the outset was that Asian Americans identified by ethnic group rather than as a racial group. The Vietnam War changed that. During the war, Asian Americans- Vietnamese or otherwise- faced hostility. â€Å"The injustices and racism exposed by the Vietnam War also helped cement a bond between different Asian groups living in America,† Lee said. â€Å"In the eyes of the United States military, it didn’t matter if you were Vietnamese or Chinese, Cambodian or Laotian, you were a ‘gook,’ and therefore subhuman.† The Movement Ends After the Vietnam War, many radical Asian American groups dissolved. There was no unifying cause to rally around. For Japanese Americans, though, the experience of being interned had left festering wounds. Activists organized to have the federal government apologize for its actions during World War II. In 1976, President Gerald Ford signed Proclamation 4417, in which internment was declared a â€Å"national mistake.† A dozen years later, President Ronald Reagan signed the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, which distributed $20,000 in reparations to surviving internees or their heirs and included an apology from the federal government.

Chemical Mind Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chemical Mind - Movie Review Example The axon, which is protected by a myelin sheath, transmits electrical impulses from the soma to other neurons, muscles, and glands. The nervous system depends on neurotransmitters that trigger signal transmission that leads to emotions and motions. Notably, endorphins and norepinephrine control emotions and alertness respectively. Gamma-aminobutyric acid such as serotonin regulates moods, hunger, and sleep. Acetylcholine and dopamine have both exciting and inhibitory properties. The former triggers muscle action and memory while the latter is important in learning, movement, and pleasurable emotions. Excess dopamine has a link to addictive and impulsive behavior, as well as, schizophrenia. Hormones are chemical transmitters in the endocrine system, and exert action on the brain, as well as, other organs. Notably, hormones regulate moods, arousal, circadian rhythm, metabolism, growth, immune system, and sexual reproduction. Unlike the neurotransmitter, the transmission of messages thr ough hormones is slower. The transmission involves secretion of hormones by glands that enter the bloodstream and eventually reach the brain. It is noteworthy that the hormonal effect is long lasting. The most important gland in the brain is the pituitary that release growth hormone and oxytocin, which play a role in social bonding. In summary, the communication between the brain and peripheral organs involves nervous and endocrine systems.Franz Joseph Gall, a German physician, perceived that a link existed between personality and skull morphology.

Information technology in business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Information technology in business - Essay Example unications CEO Richard Levick, Forrester;s George Colony, History Factory’s CEO Bruce Weindruch blog to reflect their online personality and the company’s culture. With less barriers to entry and minimal risks, blogging provides a source of livelihood to thousands of bloggers who post excellent content and maintain sincere relationships via forums, commenting, social media, and promoting others, thus reinforcing the popularity of the blog. Bloggers create a platform where they post content advertising companies’ products and strive to create traffic – company counts the number of times the ad has been clicked and pays the blogger at the end of an agreed period (pay per click) (Agger, 189-205). Favorite list of blogs; Treehugger, Copyblogger, Dooce, Basic thinking, and Go fug yourself. These blogs offer customized, science and technology related content that bolster critical thinking and exposes readers to real-life issues in the managerial and social environment. Copyblogger is useful for this course as it provides consummate information on how to be heard online be it in marketing, press responses, idea sharing, and knowledge expansion. Sample contents in Copyblogger can be accessed via https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x612J-dupn8 The blogging field is controlled through written and unwritten laws where bloggers and firms are forced to ascertain the credibility of their posts and the implications that it might have on the larger online community. This ensures firms do not make unrealistic profits by unfairly duping consumers and that public hurling of abuses is circumvented as violators risk being fined, termination of their blogs, and jail term in extreme cases (Mergel,

A Remarkable Man, My Idol, My Grandfather Essay -- Personal Narrative

A Remarkable Man, My Idol, My Grandfather Dr. Benre’s comments: Marty paints a telling portrait of her step-grandfather, but never relies merely on telling the reader. Small anecdotes about her grandfather, as well as some of his habits, gave Marty’s story a much more powerful presentation that it would have if she had simply told the readers that he was neat and kind. More importantly, she maintains a significance to her story which travels from beginning to end. She uses her story to play on emotions without crossing the line into melodrama and makes a telling point in her conclusion. Marty has written an excellent story, not just an essay about someone she remembers. Â   Though he was an overwhelming three hundred pounds, my grandfather was a very neat, well-kept, respected man. His thick, ash colored hair always had to be just right. From the direction of the part to the brand of hairspray which held it in place, everything had to be just so. His shirt was always tucked in, and his belt always matched his shoes. Because of his huge girth, he had a seventy-eight inch waist, his legs reminded me of a penguin's— short and stubby. Everything about him amused me—from his love for the holidays to the way he continuously chewed ice and the incessant manner he had of rubbing his feet together. Although he was my father's stepfather, he loved us as if we were his own. Several times throughout the year, he would organize what he called "family time," which involved all thirteen grandchildren who gathered in one place to socialize. He also had a great love for holidays. For example, we all spent Christmas Eve on the levee looking at the bonfires, and for days preceding Christmas, we rode through town enjoying the ... ... day he died, he taught me a valuable lesson. If we love someone, we should tell the person often. I sometimes wonder if he knew just how much we loved him. All I have left are the memories we shared and the lessons he taught me, but they are good memories, and they are exceptional lessons. My grandfather was an astonishing man. Unfortunately, my son will never get to meet my grandfather, but I will instill in him the love for people my grandfather so diligently instilled in me. I never looked at him as "fat" or "different." I simply viewed him as more to love. Even though he is not physically with me anymore, I still do things with him in mind, wondering if he would approve or disapprove; I try to make the choice I think he would admire. He taught me life; he taught me love; and he taught me what was right. This remarkable man is my idol--my grandfather.

Blah Jogging Around

According to C. Wright Mills, what occurs in any one individual's life is interrelated with society as a whole. To possess sociological imagination as defined by Mills â€Å"To be aware of social stucture and to use it with sensibility IS to be capable of tracing such LINKAGES among great variety of milieux. † The sociological imagination helps give us the ability to understand the correlation of one's own biography, history, and traditions along with the knowledge of the social and historical influence society may have on that person or groups of people.Mills notion makes us want to investigate into an individual's biography and lifestyles, and place their findings within the surrounding circumstances in which events occur in order to see the whole picture of the society in which the individual lives. In Lisa J. McIntyre’s case study titled â€Å"Hernando Washington† we read about a young man named Hernando Washington who kidnaps, rapes, and murders a 29 year ol d woman named Sarah Gould.When using the sociological imagination to look into this we ask questions such as, â€Å"What was the social milieu in which the event takes place? † and â€Å"what effects did the social system have on the individual? †. Asking these questions, we see that Hernando lived in an area where police activity was almost non existent. Hernando’s brother had been shot and sister had been raped with absolutely no police action ever taking place. This explains why Hernando thought he could get away with his actions.If all this could happen before then what would be wrong if he was the one who did it. We also see that Hernando viewed the rape he committed as sex. He thought that since Sarah was alone and with no male acomplise, it was ok for him to in his perspective have sex with (rape) her. The sociologists way of looking at what Hernando did doesn’t make did ok, but it does explain why he did it. He in his right mind with the situation s he had been placed in during his life thought that this was ok with just as much belief as what you and me think about it being wrong.

5 Interesting Facts About Slavery in the Americas

Slavery is a topic that never leaves the public consciousness; films, books, art, and theater have all been created about the institution. Yet, many Americans still know far too little about the transatlantic slave trade. They cant say when it began or ended or how many Africans were kidnapped and enslaved against their will. Its difficult to discuss current issues related to slavery, such as reparations, without first understanding how the slave trade left its imprint on Africa, the Americas, and the world. Millions Shipped to the Americas While it’s common knowledge that six million Jews died during the Holocaust, the number of West Africans shipped to the Americas during the transatlantic slave trade from 1525 to 1866 remains a mystery to much of the public. According to the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database, 12.5 million Africans were loaded up like human cargo and forever separated from their homes and families. Of those Africans, 10.7 million managed to live through the horrific journey known as the Middle Passage. Brazil: Slaverys Epicenter Slave traders shipped Africans all over the Americas, but far more of the enslaved population ended up in South America than any other region. Henry Louis Gates Jr., director of the Hutchins Center for African and African American Research at Harvard University, ​estimates that a single South American country—Brazil—received 4.86 million, or about half of all slaves who survived the trip to the New World. The United States, on the other hand, received 450,000 Africans. According to a 2016 U.S. Census Bureau report, roughly 45 million blacks live in the United States, and most of them are descendants of the Africans forced into the country during the slave trade. Slavery in the North Initially, slavery wasn’t just practiced in the Southern states of the United States, but in the North as well. Vermont stands out as the first state to abolish slavery, a move it made in 1777 after the U.S. liberated itself from Britain. Twenty-seven years later, all of the Northern states vowed to outlaw slavery, but it continued to be practiced in the North for years. That’s because the Northern states implemented legislation that made slavery’s abolition gradual rather than immediate. PBS points out that Pennsylvania passed its Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery in 1780, but gradual turned out to be an understatement. In 1850, hundreds of Pennsylvania blacks continued to live in bondage. Just more than a decade before the Civil War kicked off in 1861, slavery continued to be practiced in the North. Banning the Slave Trade The U.S. Congress passed a law in 1807 to ban the importation of enslaved Africans, and similar legislation took effect in Great Britain the same year. (The U.S. law went into effect on Jan. 1, 1808.) Given that South Carolina was the only state at this time that hadn’t outlawed the importation of slaves, Congress’ move wasn’t exactly groundbreaking. What’s more, by the time Congress decided to ban the importation of slaves, more than four million enslaved blacks already lived in the United States, according to the book Generations of Captivity: A History of African American Slaves. Since the children of those enslaved people would be born into slavery, and it wasn’t illegal for American slaveholders to trade those individuals domestically, the congressional act did not have a marked impact on slavery in the U.S. Elsewhere, Africans were still being shipped to Latin America and South America as late as the 1860s. Africans in the U.S. Today During the slave trade, about 30,000 enslaved Africans entered the U.S. yearly. Fast forward to 2005, and 50,000 Africans annually were entering the U.S. on their own volition. It marked a historic shift. â€Å"For the first time, more blacks are coming to the United States from Africa than during the slave trade,† The New York Times reported. The Times estimated that more than 600,000 Africans lived in the U.S. in 2005, about 1.7 percent of the African-American population. The actual number of Africans living in the United States might be even higher if the number of undocumented African immigrants was tallied.